一 节奏
诗歌是具备音乐性的语言.音乐作品的最大特点之一是音符的流动是有节奏的.所谓节奏就是强拍和弱拍按一定的形式配合起来,有规律地反复出现.懂点音乐的人都知道,音乐中基本的节奏有两种,即强mm弱(2/4拍)和强mm弱mm弱(3/4拍).举个简略的例子:
《新年好》(HAPPY NEW YEAR)这首童谣的节奏是强mm弱mm弱:
11 1 5 33 3 113 5 5 43 2 m23 4 4 32 3 113 2 572 1 m
中国古诗讲求平仄,富有节奏,英文没有平声、仄声之分,但有重读轻读音节之分,其节奏是通过重读音节与轻读音节表示出来的.一个重读音节与一个或两个轻读音节按一定的模式搭配起来,有法则地反复呈现就是英文诗歌的节奏.
咱们晓得但凡有两个以上音节的英文单词,都有重读音节与轻读音节之分,在一句话中,根据语法、语调、语意的请求,有些词也要重读,有些要轻读.如he went to town to buy a book.. Irm glad to hear the news. 英文中有重读和轻读之分,重读的音节跟轻读的音节,按必定模式配合起来,重复再现,组成诗句,听起来起伏跌荡,抑扬抑扬,就构成了诗歌的节奏.多音节单词有重音和次重音,次重音依据节奏既可视为重读,也可视为轻读.读下面这两句诗:
Alone she cuts and binds the grain,
And sings a melancholy strain.
这两行诗的重读与轻读的固定搭配模式是:轻mm重.在每行中再现四次,这样就造成了这两行诗的节奏.某种固定的轻重搭配叫"音步"(foot),相称与乐谱中的"小节".一轻一重,就是这两行诗的音步.一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数,这两行诗的音步数都是四,所以就称其为四音步诗.
二 常见的音步类型
音步是轻读与重读构成的.根据重读与轻读搭配的方法的不同,可以划分出不同的音步类型.音步类型不同,可以卷几圈在藏起来,节奏天然也不同.最常见的音步类型有以下四种:
(一) 抑扬格
如果一个音步中有两个音节,前者为轻,后者为重,则这种音步叫抑扬格音步,其专业术语是(iamb, iambic.).轻读是"抑",重读是"扬",一轻一重,故称抑扬格.
英语中有大批的单词,其发音都是一轻一重,如adore, excite, above, around, appear, besides, attack, supply, believe, return等,所以用英语写诗,用抑扬格就很方便.也就是说,抑扬格很吻合英语的发音规律.因此,在英文诗歌顶用得最多的便是抑扬格,百分之九十的英文诗都是用抑扬格写成的.前面的那两句诗就是抑扬格诗.
(二)扬抑格
如果一个音步中有两个音节,前者为重,后者为轻,则这种音步叫扬抑格音步,其专业术语是(trochee, trochaic.).重读是"扬",轻读是"抑",一重一轻,故称扬抑格.与抑扬格刚好相反.
英语中也有一批其读音为一重一轻的单词,如Happy, many, holy, yonder, headlong, flaming, upper, grandeur, failing等.写扬抑格的诗,此类词正好适合.但这类词在英语中其数目不迭前面的那些多,与英文的语言规律不非常吻合,所以扬抑格诗不多.举两句诗例:
Present mirth has present laughter
Shakespeare
Shake your chains to earth like dew
Shelley
(三) 抑抑扬格
抑抑扬格含三个音节,即轻mm轻mm重,专门术语是:Anapaest, anapaestic
例词:
cavalier, intercede, disbelieve, reappear, disapprove, indistinct, on the hill.
例句:
拜伦的以下四行诗是抑抑扬格:
The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold,
And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold;
And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea,
When the blue waves rolls nightly on deep Galilee.
mmDestruction of Sennacherib
这是拜伦写的描写古代亚述人围攻耶路撒冷,被瘟疫所袭的诗的一节.第四行第二音步中的waves 一词可轻可重.诗题中的Sennacherib 是亚述国王.fold 指羊群, purple and gold 描述亚述部队的衣饰,Galilee,巴勒斯坦北部的加利利湖.cohorts军团, sheen,光辉.
(四) 扬抑抑格
重mm轻mm轻是扬抑抑格,专门术语是:dactyl, dactylic.
例词:
happily, merciful, eloquent, messenger, merrily, properly, accident, quantity.
例句:
Dragging the corn by her golden hair.
Davies: the villain.
英文诗歌中的音步类型有十多少种之多,常见者即此四种,第一种则最常见.此外诗句中也常有抑抑格(pyrrhic[/peirik]和扬扬格(spondee[/sp :ndi])出现.
须要阐明的是,这些音步类型只是实践上的剖析,实际上,一首诗仅用一种音步类型写,这种情形极少见,大多是以某一种为主,同时交叉其他类型.如果一首诗只含有一种音步,就会显得十分枯燥机械.一首诗只有是以某品种型为主的,只管有其余类型穿插其中,也称此诗为某某格.如,以抑扬格为重要节奏写成的,就称此诗为抑扬格诗.现代崛起的一些自在诗(FREE VERSE),不受这些格律的限度.
三 诗行
(一) 一诗行不一定是一个完整的句字.
英文诗每行的第一个字母都大写,但是一诗行不一定是一个完整的句子,不一定能抒发一个完整的意思.有时候,一行诗正好是一句,有时两行甚至很多行才形成一个意思完整的句子.前者叫end-stopped line(结句行),后者叫run-on line.(跨行句).这是英文诗与中国诗的最大差别之一.中国诗歌都是一行表达一个完全的意思.看下面一节诗:
I shot an arrow into the air,
It fell to earth, I knew not where;
For, so swiftly it flew, the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.
前两行是end-stopped line,后两行是run-on line.读跨行句诗,行末停顿较短.
跨行句在英文诗歌中极其广泛,有时十来行才成一完整句子.刚学英文诗的人,对此往往不习惯.对此我们需加留神.
(二) 诗行的长短以音步数量盘算:
英文诗行的长度范畴普通是一音步mm五音步.六、七、八音步的诗行也有,但未几.最多的是四音步、五音步的诗.
(各种是非诗行的专门术语:一音步诗:monometer 二音步诗:dimeter三音步诗:trimeter四音步诗:tetrameter 五音步诗:pentameter 六音步诗:hexameter 七音步诗:heptameter八音步诗:octameter.)
在分析一首诗的格律时,既要考律此诗的基础音步类型,也要考律此诗中诗行的音步数目.看下面的一首短诗:
An EMPTY HOUSE
Alexander Pope
You beatyour pate, and fancy wit will come:
Knock asyou please, therers nobodyat home.
(你拍拍脑袋,以为灵感立刻就来.可任你怎么敲打,也无人把门翻开.pate,脑袋. fancy,动词:认为,设想.)
此诗的基本音步类型是抑扬格,每行五音步.因此称此诗的格律是"抑扬格五音步"(iambic pentameter).一首诗的音步类型和诗行所含的音步数目构成此诗的格律(meter).
四 压韵(rhyme)
英文诗正常都押运韵.
(一) 全韵与半韵(full rhyme and half rhyme).
全韵是严厉的押韵,其要求是:
(1) 韵要押在重读音节上,其元音应相同;
(2) 元音前的辅音应不同;
(3) 假如元音之后有辅音,应相同.
(4) 重读音节之后如有轻读音节,也应相同.
下面几对词都契合全韵的尺度:
why---sigh; hate---late; fight---delight; powers---flowers; today---away; ending---bending.
如果仅是元音字母相同,读音不同,不相符全韵:如:
blood----hood; there---here; gone---alone; daughter----laughter.
这种情况被称为"眼韵"(eye rhyme),固然诗人有时用之,但不是真正的押韵.
仅是辅音雷同或仅是元音相同的属半韵:
元音不同,www.sjzshijie.com,其前后的辅音相同,这叫谐辅韵(consonance)如:black, block; creak, croak; reader, rider; despise, dispose.
元音相同,其后的辅音相同者叫谐元韵(assonance),如lake, fate; time, mind.
(二) 尾韵与行内韵(end rhyme and internal rhyme)
押在诗行最后一个重读音节上,叫尾韵.这是英文诗歌最常见的押韵部位.诗行旁边停顿处的重读音节与该行最后一个重读音节押韵者,叫行内韵.如:
Spring, the sweet spring, is the yearrs pleasant king;
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,
(三) 男韵与女韵((masculine rhyme and feminine rhyme)
所押的韵音局限于诗行中重读的末尾音节上,称男韵,也叫单韵,听起来强劲有力.如:late, fate; hill, fill; enjoy, destroy.
押韵押在两个音节上,后一音节非重读音节,称女韵,也叫双韵,听起来或轻快,或幽婉.如:lighting, fighting; motion, ocean; wining, beginning.
看下面一节诗:
I am coming, little maiden,
With the pleasant sunshine laden;
With the honey for the bee,
With the blossom for the tree.
前两行押女韵,后两行押男韵.
也有不少英文诗是不押韵的,不押韵的诗称无韵诗或白体诗(blank verse).多用在戏剧和叙事诗中.莎士比亚的戏剧和弥尔顿的Paradise Lost 都是用blank verse写成的. 押韵的诗叫rhymed verse.无韵诗不同与自由诗.无韵诗虽不押韵,但是有固定节奏,以扬抑格五音步最常见.自由诗节奏不固定,犹如口语.
诗选及讲授
A SELECTION OF ENGLISH POETRY
FOR AN OPTIONAL COURSE OF THE UNDERGRADUADTES
William Shakespeare(1564m1616)
作者简介:
剧作家、诗人.毕生创作三十七部戏剧,154首十四行诗.其十四行诗大局部是献给一位贵族青年,有二十余篇则是献给一位"黑肤女士"(the dark lady).
1 Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summerrs day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summerrs lease hath all too short a date:
Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimmed;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or naturers changing course, untrimmrd;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou owrst;
Nor shall Death brag thou wanderrst in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou growrst.
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
解释:
Compare ...to 把什么比做什么.
Thou, thee 第二人称单数代词,前者主格,后者宾格.现已为you 所代替.其所有格是thy,或thine, 即现代英语的your.
Art = are. 16、17世纪时与thou连用.
Temperate: 来自拉丁文temperātus,读时为合乎押韵规矩,可将重音放后.
Shake:shake off.
Lease 租借期限,此处指夏天的长度.
Hath 与第三人称单数连用,相称于古代英语的has.
Dimmed: clouded.
Fair form fair: beautiful thing from beauty. 前后fair意思不同.Declines from beauty.
Chance:极缘,时运,运气.
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,/By chance, or naturers changing course, untrimmrd:每一个丽人总要失去美貌,即便不突发的以外事件,也逃不外天然界生老病逝世的变迁.Sometimes: 有的版本作"sometime": at some unspecified time.
Untrimmrd: untrimmed. 本意为剥去雅观的衣服等,此处隐喻夺去美貌等.
Fair thou owrst: beauty you own. 莎士比亚时期,owe与own通用.古英语第二人称单数后加-st或-est
His shade:shadow of death.
"Nor shall Death brag thou wanderrst in his shade":"死神无从夸口,说你在他的暗影里彷徨".
To time thou growrst: you grow as long as time lasts. 与时间同寿. Grow to = be incorporated with.
内容解析:
此诗的发展变更:以人比夏天开端,以人胜做作终结.前四行解释人比夏天更美更温和;中四行发展了这个意思,引到驻颜无术的感叹;第三组则新意崛起,颠覆前言,终于于成功的末两行作结.此诗表白了这样一种思维:漂亮的事物能够依附文学的力气而永远不朽;文学是人所发明的,《卧春》------《我蠢》,因此这有宣布了人的不朽.因而此诗不是个别的恋情诗.
形式解析:
sonnet:十四行诗,即"商籁体"诗.此诗体来源不明,最早的例子出现于13世纪,16世纪在英国涌现.主要有意大利式和英国式两种变体.意大利诗人Petrarch [/petra:k]用此诗体最精熟,成心大利式又称Petrarchan sonnet.英国式由莎士比亚创建,又称 Shakespearean sonnet.
意大利式分前八行、后六行.韵尾是abba, abba; cde, dcd..莎士比亚式十四行诗,档次上分前四行,我要努力的生活,中四行,后四行和结尾两行.韵尾为:abab, cdcd, efef, gg.格律是抑扬格五音步.
Shall Icompare thee to a summerrs day? ( a)
Thou art more lovely and more temperate -: ( b)
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, (a)
And summerrs lease hath all too short a date: (b)
Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines, (c)
And often is his gold complexion dimmed; (d)
And every fair from fair sometimes declines, (c)
By chance, or naturers changing course, untrimmrd; (d)
But thy eternal summer shall not fade, (e)
Nor lose possession of that fair thou owrst; (f)
Nor shall Death brag thou wanderrst in his shade, (e)
When in eternal lines to time thou growrst. (f)
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, (g)
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. (g)
参考译文:
能不能让我把你比较作夏日?
你可是更加平和,更加可恶:
暴风会吹落蒲月的好花儿,
夏季的生命又不免停止得太快:
有时候苍天的巨眼照得太炽热,
他那金彩的神色也会被遮暗;
每一样美呀,总会分开美而凋零,
被机会或者自然的代谢所残害;
然而你永恒的夏天决不会凋枯,
你永远不会失去你美的仪态;
死神夸不着你在他影子里踯躅,
你将在不朽的诗中与时光同在;
只要人类在呼吸,眼睛看得见,
我这诗就活着,使你的性命连绵.(屠岸)
2 Spring
When daisies pied and violets blue
And lady-smocks all silver-white
And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue
Do paint the meadows with delight,
The cuckoo then, on every three,
Mocks married men; for thus sings he,
Cuckoo,
Cuckoo, cuckoo! Oh word of fear
Unpleasing to a married ear!
When shepherds pipe on oaten straws,
And merry larks are ploughmenrs clocks,
When turtles tread, and rooks, and daws,
And maidens bleach their summer smocks,
The cuckoo then, on every three,
Mocks married men; for thus sings he,
Cuckoo,
Cuckoo, cuckoo! Oh word of fear
Unpleasing to a married ear!
------Comedy: Lovers Labour Lost
剧情:拿伐Navarre [n /va: ]国王与其几位朝臣破誓三年之内摒弃所有世俗的快活,致力于研讨学识.其中的一条是:三年之中不可与女子交谈一次.未几法国公主携几名侍女来办理国务,国王和朝臣门守不住本人的誓言,爱上了这几个女子.最后公主的父亲逝世,公主要持戒三年,国王和朝臣们的求爱也化为泡影.此诗在此剧之结尾处.
正文:
daisies pied:杂色的雏菊.
lady-smock:也作ladyrs-smock 花名:布谷鸟剪秋罗.Smock:〈古〉女衬衣,罩衣.
cuckoo-buds of yellow hue:黄色的杜鹃花.hue:色彩.
Cuckoo:[/kuku:] 布谷鸟的啼声,与/cuckold(奸妇的丈夫)一词谐音.
shepherds [/ ep d]
pipe on oaten straws:拿燕麦杆吹哨子.
turtles tread:斑鸠交配.Turtle:〈古〉斑鸠,=turtledove. Tread:(雄鸟)与(雌鸟)交配.
rooks and daws:白嘴鸦和穴鸟.
内容解析:
春天里百花斗丽,万象更新,情人们陶醉于甜美的爱情之中.但树梢上布谷鸟的叫声却仿佛在一直提示人们:爱情并不可考.此诗有反讽象征,与剧情一致.英国诗人甘贝尔(Thomas Campbell,1777m1844)在Freedom and Love一诗中说:"Love has bliss, but love has ruining/ Other smiles may make you fickle/ Tears for other charm may trickle."
情势解析:顿挫格四音步,韵式:abab cc d ee; fgfg hh d ee
When daisies pied and violets blue
And lady-smocks all silver-white
And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue
Do paint he meadows with delight,
The cuckoo then, on every three,
Mocks married men; for thus sings he,
Cuckoo,
Cuckoo, cuckoo! Oh word of fear
Unpleasing to a married ear!
When shepherds pipe on oaten straws,
And merry larks are plough menrs clocks,
When turtles tread, and rooks, and daws,
And maidens bleach their summer socks,
The cuckoo then, on every three,
Mocks married men; for thus sings he,
Cuckoo,
Cuckoo, cuckoo! Oh word of fear
Unpleasing to a married ear!
参考译文:
当杂色的雏菊开遍牧场,
蓝的紫罗蓝,白的美人衫,
还有那杜鹃花吐蕾娇黄,
描出了一片宽大的欣欢;
听杜鹃在每一株树上叫,
把那娶了妻的男人嘲笑:
咯咕!
咯咕!咯咕!啊,可怕的声音!
害得做丈夫的肉跳心惊.
当无愁的牧童口吹麦笛,
凌晨的云雀惊醒了农人,
斑鸠乌鸦都在觅侣求匹,
女郎们漂洗夏季的衣群;
听杜鹃在每一株树上叫,
把那娶了妻的男人讥笑:
咯咕!
咯咕!咯咕!啊,恐怖的声音!
害得做丈夫的肉跳心惊.(朱生豪)
一 节奏
诗歌是存在音乐性的语言.音乐作品的最大特色之一是音符的流动是有节奏的.所谓节奏就是强拍和弱拍按一定的形式配合起来,有规律地反复出现.懂点音乐的人都知道,音乐中根本的节奏有两种,即...